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Are Gluten-Free Diets Killing Us?

Gluten has come full circle in the eyes of popular media. It was initially portrayed as the cause of all our health concerns. Eliminating it was the quickest path to feeling better and living healthier. After all, how else can we explain Tom Brady’s Super Bowl prowess????

 

Now, however, avoiding gluten has been implicated in increasing our risk of heart disease and causing a harmful disruption of our gut microbiome (the bacteria in our digestive tracts and plays an integral role in our health).

 

So, which should we believe?

 

As with most health topics in popular media, the key is in the details. But first, a quick primer on gluten and gluten sensitivity.

 

Gluten 101

 

Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley and rye, and in foods made with those grains, like bread, cereal, cookies, crackers and pasta.

 

In people with the medical condition of celiac disease the body sees gluten as a foreign invader and is unable to properly absorb it. Gluten causes an autoimmune response against the lining of the intestines causing intestinal damage and decreased absorption of necessary nutrients.

 

Symptoms of celiac disease include abdominal pain, bloating, and rashes. It can also cause anemia, bone problems, and malnutrition. Your doctor can diagnose celiac disease with a blood test and a biopsy of your small intestine.

 

Without question, those with proven celiac disease must avoid gluten. Fortunately, it is a rare medical condition.

 

More commonly, people may be sensitive to gluten even though they don’t have celiac disease. They simply find that they feel much better when they avoid gluten-containing foods. They have more energy, less bloating, clearer skin, and have improved concentration and mental clarity.

 

This is not a medical diagnosis. There is no way to objectively prove if this is the case or not. This is a subjective feeling. Do you feel better while avoiding gluten or not? It’s that simple.

 

This is similar to numerous other food intolerances that abound. Some people feel better avoiding dairy. Some feel better avoiding meat. Some feel better avoiding legumes. Gluten is no different. It just gets more attention lately given its popularity among celebrities and weight loss pundits.

 

If you feel better avoiding gluten, then you should avoid it. After all, our bodies do not require gluten for good health.

 

Our bodies need proteins and fats, vitamins and minerals. There is no physiological need for gluten. If it makes you feel poorly, there is no need to eat it.

 

Gluten Coming Full Circle

 

Now, however, people are starting to question the safety of gluten-free diets based on recent research.

 

An article published in May in BMJ (British Medical Journal) suggested that avoiding gluten increased our risk of heart disease.  What followed was a social media and popular media storm of gluten-free backlash with the end result being confusion and frustration.

 

Who do we believe and what do we do now?

 

Take A Breath, Then Dive Deeper

 

First, take a breath. Remember that health claims, good or bad, are rarely as extreme as portrayed by the media.

 

Next, dive deeper. Understanding the implications of the study depends on understanding the details of the study. I know that not everyone has the time/desire/resources to dig deeper into the studies, so we did it for you.

 

This study was an observational study that followed healthcare workers without heart disease (at the time of enrollment) for 26 years. There was no specific intervention, the researchers simply collected data over time on who had heart attacks and who did not, and also collected data on what they ate. By going back and statistically crunching the data, they tried to find an association between the amount of gluten eaten and the risk of heart attacks.

 

Here is the main conclusion to the study. There was no significant difference in heart disease risk between those who ate the most gluten compared to those who ate the least. No significant difference.

 

Why all the news reports that it increased the risk of heart disease?

 

Statistical massaging of the data showed that those who ate the least amount of gluten and the least amount of whole grains did have a small increased risk of heart disease.

 

So, what was the problem? Was it the missing gluten? Or the missing whole grains? This study does not prove cause and effect. It does, however, suggest it was the lack of whole grains, not just the gluten, that was associated with a very small increased risk of heart disease.

 

How small?  There was a 15% relative risk increase. The absolute increase was not reported, but looking at the numbers it was around 0.1%. The difference was 1 person out of 1000. Hardly earth shattering.

 

Said another way, if the subjects avoided gluten containing cookies, crackers and processed bread and substituted gluten-free cookies, crackers and processed bread, they were not any healthier, and may have increased their heart disease risk by 0.1%.

 

Yawn. That type of analysis wouldn’t sell many papers or get many clicks. Thus, the media did not report it as such. Yet that is what the paper found.

 

Gut Bugs

 

What about gut microbiota? Can gluten-free diet hurt our gut bugs?

 

A 2010 study suggested eating a gluten-free diet harmed our gut microbiome. This one should be an easy one to explain.

 

What helps healthy gut microbes flourish? Fiber. Specifically, fermentable fiber.

 

The most common gluten substitute is rice flour. Rice flour has very little fiber, thus very little ability to feed the healthy gut bacteria.

 

The result? A relative overgrowth of the unhealthy gut bacteria. The bacteria that like high-sugar and low fiber foods flourish while the fiber-eating bacteria die off.

 

Wheat on the other hand, tends to have more fiber. Especially whole grain foods. So once again, it is likely that limiting whole grains in favor of low-fiber, processed foods is not helping our health, whether we are talking about our guts or our hearts (and by extension, likely our brains as well).

 

Gluten- Guilty or Not?

 

Is there anything inherently dangerous about eating gluten free?

 

No.

 

The key is what are you eating instead. If you are eating low fiber, processed gluten-free foods, then you are not doing yourself any favors.

 

But if you feel better avoiding gluten, and you are replacing it with real food, fresh veggies (both starchy and non-starchy), fruit, seeds and nuts, then chances are you will feel better and be healthier.

 

What if gluten doesn’t bother you? Then there is no real need to avoid it as long as you are eating whole grains, minimally processed versions of gluten, and avoiding the processed and refined junk.

 

It’s that simple Let’s not over complicate it.

 

Action Item: Take two weeks to see how you feel without eating gluten. Do you feel any better? More or less energy? Can you think or focus better? Do you have fewer aches and pains? Did your weight change? If not, then eat what you want (as long as you continue to follow a real food, vegetable first, low sugar and low processed food way of eating). If you do feel better without gluten, then stock up on the foods listed below. Avoid gluten, but also be careful not to add processed, low-fiber, gluten-free alternatives. Just because it is gluten free doesn’t mean it is good for you!

 

Whole grain gluten-free foods:

Amaranth, buckwheat, brown rice, millet, quinoa, oats. 

 

Other fiber containing foods:

Legumes such as beans, lentils and peas

Green leafy vegetables

Starchy vegetables such as yams, sweet potatoes, carrots and other root vegetables

Apples, pears and berries

Nuts and seeds

 

Thanks for reading.

 

Bret Scher, MD FACC

Cardiologist, author, founder of Boundless Health

www.DrBretScher.com

 

Breakfast, Fasting and Our Health

“Breakfast is most important meal of day.”- Said in a thick eastern European accent by Colossus in the movie Deadpool. The statement has become so ingrained in our society that even a CGI created super hero quotes it as if it were fact.

 

What if I told you breakfast was the most important meal to skip each day? Would you dismiss the comment since it goes against everything you have heard up until now? Well, it turns out, it may be true. And the science backs it up.

 

Science Quality Matters…A Lot

 

First, where did the concept of breakfast being the most important meal come from? Would you believe cereal companies, and other food companies who have a vested interest in more people eating cereal? Yep. Bias and hidden motives over-rides scientific evidence once again.

 

This article in the Guardian is a good summary of how this came to be. Additionally, according to the book Three Squares: The Invention of the American Meal, Abigail Carroll proposes that breakfast used to be comprised mostly of leftovers. There were no “breakfast foods.” It was simply another meal, nothing unique.  But it did not take long for Kellogg’s to start promoting breakfast cereals, and suddenly it was expected that we eat specific “breakfast foods.”

 

What followed was a collection of media talent and poor science to elevate breakfast from just another meal, to “The Most Important Meal of the Day.” In fact, the claims were clear. If you skip breakfast you will have no energy, your metabolism will grind to a halt, and you will suffer from low blood sugar. You will gain weight and over-eat the rest of the day.

 

Unfortunately, these drastic clams were derived from poorly run observational studies. Obese people skip breakfast. Therefore, skipping breakfast must make you obese, right? Not so fast.

 

Could it have been obese people try to reduce calories and therefore skip breakfast?

 

In an observational trial, we can’t prove which theory is correct. All it tells us is that obese people skip breakfast. It tells us nothing about why, and what effect that may have on their health.

 

But cereal marketing firms will jump on that evidence and claim that skipping breakfast makes you obese. That’s scientific hogwash.

 

Better Quality Science

 

Fortunately, we now have randomized trials to investigate these claims. One study demonstrated that eating breakfast had no impact on resting metabolic rate, and another demonstrated that eating or skipping breakfast had no direct impact on weight loss.

 

Not all the science is faulty. The claim that missing meals can slow your metabolism is true, somewhat. It turns out that prolonged starvation of more than three days triggers a survival reflex resulting in a reduced resting metabolism. But that goes way beyond simply skipping breakfast. In fact, resting metabolic rate INCREASES in the first two days of a fast.  So if we are only skipping breakfast, it is clear that our metabolism is safe.

 

The Case for Intermittent Fasting (IF)

 

Nail in the coffin. We can now put away the baseless claims that we need breakfast. But that still doesn’t mean we should skip it, right?  Why would we want to skip breakfast?

 

I’m glad you asked……

 

One main reason to skip breakfast is that reducing our insulin and glucose levels allows our body to start breaking down fat stores. To make it sound technical, the concept of skipping breakfast is referred to as intermittent fasting, and it comes with numerous potential benefits.

 

In addition, some scientists believe intermittent fasting is the closest thing to the fountain of youth. It turns out that calorie restriction has increased survival in all sorts of animals, and shows promise for humans as well. But who wants to severely restrict their calories every day? In modern day society, that becomes nearly impossible.

 

Enter intermittent fasting. IF allows us to experience the physiological effects of calorie restriction without having a critically negative impact on our social existence.

 

Here is how it works. You set up an “eating window,” noon to 7pm, and a “fasting window,” 7pm to noon the next day. The key is that our bodies don’t enter a true fasting state until more than 10 hours after our last food intake. This is the point where our glucose and insulin levels are low enough to allow for lipolysis (the body breaking down fat stores for energy instead of using glucose circulating in the blood). In the above example, the fasting window is 17 hours, thus giving you 7 hours of fat breakdown. There are other versions of IF, but this is the one that I have seen works best for most people.

 

Food Quality Matters…A Lot

Now that I have made the case for trying intermittent fasting, I should be honest and tell you that intermittent fasting will not work for most of you.

 

Not until you improve the quality of what you eat.

 

If you eat mostly carbohydrates, simple sugars, and processed foods, then you don’t stand a chance. These foods cause rapid spikes and falls in glucose and insulin, throwing you into a cascade of hunger and cravings without a chance at extending the time between meals.

 

So, before you try IF, make sure you are eating nutrient dense, low sugar foods. Focus on lots of veggies, healthy fats (nuts, olive oil, avocados), appropriate proportions of animal fats and proteins, and a small amount of complex carbs. Once you do this, IF will be easily manageable.

 

Tips

 

  • Choose your IF days carefully. Make sure you will have control over the timing and food content of your first meal. You don’t want to get stuck eating “whatever is around” when you are hungry at 1pm after an 18hour fast. For best results, that first meal needs to be a healthy, nutrient dense meal low in simple carbohydrates and sugars.
  • Give it time! The first few times you experiment with IF, you may feel hungry and feel like you can’t survive. That feeling quickly passes with physical and psychological adaptation.
  • The initial psychological barrier to IF seems imposing. In reality, it’s simple to implement and stick to. Once you get over the initial hurdle in your mind, you will see.
  • Embrace the psychological benefits. IF allows you to know that you are in control of your feelings of hunger. You do not have to react to every small pang of hunger or food craving. You are in control, not the food.

 

 

So, Colossus should have said, in his thick Eastern European accent, “Breakfast is most important meal of day to skip. If you want.”

 

Don’t get me wrong.  A few days each week, I look forward to my big plate of leftover veggies, spinach and kale over two eggs and a sprinkle of grass-fed cheese. It’s a great way to start the day. And the other three-to-four days, I look forward to skipping breakfast, knowing that I am burning my fat stores, lowering my insulin and glucose levels, raising my HGH, and possibly taking one step closer to the fountain of youth.

 

Give it a try and see what it can do for you.

 

Thanks for reading.

Bret Scher, MD FACC

Cardiologist, author, founder of Boundless Health

www.DrBretScher.com

 

Action item:

Pick a day this week when you have complete control over the timing of your lunch. Commit to practice IF that day. Stop eating at 7pm the night before, and don’t eat again until noon or 1 pm the next day. Make sure both of those meals are nutrient dense, veggie based meals with high quality fats and proteins. Expect to feel hungry, and remind yourself that you are in control of your hunger, not the other way around. You can do anything for 1-day. Then pick 2-days for the next week to try again. The more you do it, the more you adapt to it and reap the benefits.

The Best Weight Loss Trial You Will Never See!

The Best Weight Loss Trial You Will Never See!

In my book, Your Best Health Ever: A Cardiologist’s Surprisingly Simple Guide to What Really Works, I make the point that we should be very careful with how we interpret nutrition, weight loss and health studies. Far too often we will read a decisive-sounding post about an observational trial. My favorite is the belief that eating animal products of any kind directly causes heart disease, but you can take your pick from hundreds of other examples. The bottom line is the same. Observational studies, ones that simply observe people in their normal activities rather than randomly assigning them to two different groups, cannot prove cause and effect. They can only point out associations, which may or not have a real causative relationship.

In the world of nutritional science, observational studies require someone to remember everything they ate, accurately document it in detail, and depends on the researchers to control for every possible variable. That’s a recipe for a poor study. In addition, there is no way to control for self-selection bias. My made-up example from the book is that an observational trial would likely show that people who eat at Whole Foods are healthier than people who eat at McDonalds. Seems straightforward. But it turns out, they are also likely to be more educated, in a higher socioeconomic class, exercise more, have more access to medical care, and hundreds of other differences that we cannot measure. In a nutshell, that is self-selection bias.

So, although it makes sense that Whole Foods is healthier, and we believe it to be true, an observational study cannot prove this. Only a randomized trial can hope to answer the question with scientific validity. Which leads me to the point of this article. When it comes to nutrition and lifestyle as medicine, there are two trials we need to see, but likely will never see.

APEVVV (Animal Protein Eaters Vs. Vegetarians and Vegans)

All good studies seem to need attractive acronyms. I did my best here.

Take 10,000 healthy individuals. Randomize them into one of three nutritional groups. All three groups will adhere to the following:

  • Every meal is at least 50% veggies with very limited processed foods and simple carbohydrates.
  • Encourage healthy fats with nuts, seeds, olive oil and avocados.
  • Strive for 10,000 steps per day plus 150 min of moderate exercise per week
  • Practice regular stress management and engage in healthy lifestyle courses

They will differ as follows:

  • 100% Vegan: No animal products at all are allowed.
  • Vegetarian: No meat is allowed, but eggs and dairy are allowed.
  • Meat Eaters: Every meal allows for 1-2 eggs, 4-6 ounces of animal protein (beef, chicken, fish, etc.), plus unflavored dairy, yogurt and cheese.

Follow them over 10 years to see who lives and who dies, who has heart attacks and strokes, and who enjoys their life more. Now that’s a trial that will tell us something! Do you see how this differs from observational trials? Since the subjects are randomized, we eliminate self-selection. They don’t get to choose which group they will be in.

In addition, since we measure hard-outcomes like heart attack, stroke and death, there is no debate about what the results mean clinically. We aren’t measuring “surrogate” endpoints like cholesterol, blood pressure, and other measures that may or may not be significant in this specific circumstance. Heart attacks, strokes and death are ALWAYS significant! 

Also, notice how weight loss is not mentioned anywhere. The focus is on health, not weight loss. They are most definitely not one in the same. The problem is that this trial will be very difficult and expensive to create. Without a drug company having a vested interest in the result, it will be difficult to find someone to pay for it, and therefore we are unlikely to see it in our lifetime. That’s even more of a problem with my second trial that we need to see.

HLVS (Healthy Lifestyle Vs. Statins)

If you have read my posts on statins, by now you are aware of the incredibly small benefits of statins in primary preventions (i.e. when used in people who have not had a heart attack).  In general, they do not reduce your risk of dying, and to save one person from a heart attack we need to treat anywhere from 60-140 people for five years. 

One of the most common arguments for starting a statin is, “It’s the best treatment we have for reducing your risk of heart attacks and strokes.” My response? Not so fast. If I change that to say “It’s the best prescription drug we have for reducing your risk of heart attacks and strokes” then maybe I would agree. 

What other treatments are better?

  • Nourish your body purposefully.
  • Move your body and exercise consistently.
  • Manage your stress.
  • Prioritize your sleep.
  • Maintain strong social connections.
  • Don’t smoke.
  • And other healthy lifestyle actions.

Can I scientifically prove that these healthy lifestyle habits are better than statins? Not yet. That is why we need the HLVS study. Start with 10,000 people who have never had a heart attack or stroke. Half of them get a statin and “usual medical care” from their doctor.

The other half enroll in a lifestyle management program focusing on the following habits:

  • Every meal is at least 50% veggies with very limited processed foods and simple carbohydrates.
  • Healthy fats such as nuts, seeds, olive oil and avocados are encouraged with most meals.
  • Appropriate proportion of animal proteins and animal products are allowed.
  • Participants will strive for 10,000 steps per day plus 150 min of moderate exercise per week.
  • Participants will practice regular stress management and mindfulness meditation.
  • Sleep hygiene is repeatedly reviewed with each participant.
  • Smoking cessation interventions are individually tailored to those who need it

They are followed for 10 years and we measure number of heart attacks, strokes and deaths. We also record subjective measures of happiness, depression and enjoyment of life. Then we will know. Are lifestyle interventions just as good as, if not better than, statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease?

I’m pretty sure I know what the answer will be. But alas, we will never see this trial either. Can you imagine if a drug company sponsored this trial and it showed the drug was inferior? Stock prices would plummet, and people will lose their jobs left and right. So, if we want to fund this trial, we better start our fundraising now (no bake sales or girl scout cookies please).

Conclusion

Does this mean we must disregard all nutritional and health science that isn’t a randomized prospective trial? That would mean throwing out most of our science. I don’t recommend that. Instead, we need to be vigilant about understanding the limits of the science and the limits to the catchy headlines. When we read a headline that “the Mediterranean diet has been proven to be better than statins,” we have to pause and think. We know that it may be intriguing, and we may want it to be true. However, until there is a head-to-head, randomized trial, we cannot prove that. Anyone who claims otherwise is inappropriately twisting the data.

What can we do instead?

In the absence of the trials that we need, we can continue to live our lives emphasizing healthy lifestyle habits. We can continue to demand a thorough and realistic explanation of the benefits and potential risks of prescription drugs. We can continue to seek out reliable and credible sources of information. And we can continue to talk about the need for better science. If we do this enough, we will transform ourselves for the better, and maybe, just maybe, we will change the world of nutritional and health science for generations to come.

Thanks for reading.

Bret Scher, MD FACC
Cardiologist, author, founder of Boundless Health
www.DrBretScher.com


Action Item:

Next time you hear a news story about a health study, take the time to look up the study and read it. Then you can decide, is this high-quality evidence? Does it apply to me? You may not understand everything, but the more you read, the more you will understand. And if you still have questions about it, ask me! I welcome your emails: info@drbretscher.com

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